The whole Covid infection and the vaccines to defeat it was, a lie. They used misinformation and disinformation to confuse you and misdirect you away from what they were successfully trying to hide fr
This is a two part observation - read the first part, then read the second part in the Reply below
The whole Covid infection and the vaccines to defeat it was, a lie. They used misinformation and disinformation to confuse you and misdirect you away from what they were successfully trying to hide from vaccinated you. They wanted volunteers who they could weaponize for war or defence and nothing else, but legally, so that no Laws were broken and they could do as they pleased, once you volunteered and what they achieved with their vaccines and deceptions, was a miliary coup, using their own people to achive that, like stores for disposal or modification and no matter whatever the final outcome, it is already to late for the vaccinated and what can and will be done to them by genetics, which can't and don't work, because of the 3300 billion lines of genetic code as yet, not unravelled, they have only so far, unravelled 12 lines of genetic code and that simply is not enough to do much of anything with.
As you will see in the texts I have updated, Pfizer's vaccine against Covid is less than 1% effective (0.84%) with Covid 99.16 effective. The US Supreme Court through the arguments presented, define the vaccinated as being owned by Pfizer and Moderna, but really by the Governments of whatever country you live in and the vaccines are designed to reach your Lymph Nodes after passing through all of the organs of your body first, which suggests body control by 5G and your new MAC address - which has absolutely nothing to do with a head cold or Covid, which is what Covid actually is - Google it.
The vaccines in the body and their content did not work as expected, so now they are trying to use them as nasal sprays to take control of your mind and brain bulb instead - good luck with that one too Guys.
Yes, they have won their deception, but with a faulty human species which will defy whatever genetic modifications you throw at it, because the designers of our species, but let's call them the saucer people, 300,000 years ago, were clever enough to see the potential of what you are trying to do and built in stops, so that the genetic modifications you plan, can't ever be achieved, because their technology now, is still 300,000 years ahead of your own.
I have been asked why I refuse the Covid vaccines and that is a complex question with a complex set of answers, which I will try to provide, from my perspective, of course. I broke this up a bit, so that articles with the same overall view are not all together, to give more definition to the impact of this document. So I remain Human and legally untouchable by you.
For years and years and years I have been doing this NOTE In the Head : Cure: Mix one heaped teaspoon of salt in a mug of warm water. Cup a hand and sniff or snort the mugful up your nose, spitting out anything which comes down into your mouth. If sore you have a virus, so wait 2-3 minutes until soreness goes away, then blow out your nose on toilet paper and flush away, washing your hands afterwards, then continue 3 times daily, or more often, but Morning, Noon, Night, until soreness goes away and it feels like you are flushing with water - me many years never ill, just by doing this, including with Covid - probably good for Long covid too, as it flushes the nasal passages of the head, behind the eyes, ears, brain bulb, brain stem - unlike a vaccine shot in your arm, of all places - you don't get a viral infection in your arm do you?
This method has been used in Turkey, India, Sweden for generations and recently The University of Alberta confirmed that this method is efficent at killing All viruses, not only Covid - so why would I change from a tried, tested and proven method in exchange for a "secret vaccine" created in a Laboratory about which I know nothing?
In simple terms, it seems to me that there are only 2 ways that we can get an external to the body illness, that is by virus or injection - virus in the air we breathe or injection, well a Mosquito bite or a Covid Vaccine injection, for example, but more about that later.
It seems to me that the Covid-19 vaccines were never about curing covid, which is a cold and in your head and it is initially a viral infection, not a body one, until later on, but let me ask you this - what has a viral infection in your head got to do with having the "ModRNA" travel around your body and through all of the organs to the lymph nodes?. Nothing?
Back in 2013 two important things happened:
1) Moderna wins Award for Deadly Covid Vaccine it was able to create prior to 2019 because “Moderna” is responsible for creating the Covid-19 Virus in a BioLab… #CTCCTCGGCGGGCACGTAG
On February 23 2022 the Daily Mail ran an article showing that Moderna has patented the 19 base letter (nucleotide) sequence which codes for the Furin Cleavage site in Covid-19.
They cited a Paper by Scientists in India, Switzerland, Italy and the US (cautiously entitled: MSH3 Homology and Potential Recombination Link to SARS-CoV-2 Furin Cleavage Site) in which they calculated that the chances of a 19 nucleotide sequence patented by Moderna randomly appearing in Covid-19 in circumstances where it does not appear anywhere else in nature are 1 in 3 trillion.
2) The US Supreme Court passed a Law with World Wide Applications that anyone whose DNA and Genome is changed by vaccination is no longer Human and all Human rights are lost. They are a new species with zero Rights of any kind.
Pfizer Covid-19 Vaccine alters Human DNA By The Exposé on October 22, 2022
A Swedish study has demonstrated and confirmed that the mRNA in the Pfizer/BioNTech Covid injections infiltrates cells and transcribes its message onto human DNA within 6 hours, altering our own DNA.
mRNA “vaccine” experiment does alter human DNA and may pass genetic code from parent to child, warns Dr. McCullough 01/25/2023 /
A new report suggests vaccine mRNA does not remain at the injection site following vaccination but can “spread systemically” to the placenta and umbilical cord blood of infants whose mothers are vaccinated during pregnancy.
In a peer-reviewed pre-proof accepted for publication in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, researchers presented two cases that demonstrate, for the first time, the ability of COVID-19 vaccines to penetrate the fetal-placental barrier and reach the inside of the uterus. Additionally, researchers detected spike protein in placental tissue, indicating the bioactivity of the mRNA in reaching the placenta.
According to the paper, researchers found detectable vaccine mRNA in both placentas tested. The localization of the vaccine mRNA was mainly in the villus stroma—the connective tissue layer that supports the fetal capillaries and villous trophoblast. The villous trophoblast, the primary barrier between maternal and fetal tissues, supports the exchange of nutrients between a mother and her fetus.
Researchers also detected a “notably high signal” of vaccine mRNA in the placental decidua tissue of Patient 1, who received four vaccine doses. The decidua is the specialized endometrium layer that forms the base of the placental bed.
Spike protein expression was also detected—but only in the placenta of Patient 2. However, vaccine mRNA was detected in Patient 1’s cord and maternal blood samples, which were unavailable for the second patient.
“There have also been VAERS [Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System] reports of infants dying of thrombocytopenia (low platelets) following maternal vaccination, and also evidence of infants having heart attacks in the womb following maternal vaccination. None of this is new information. It has simply been widely and systematically censored,”
Obviously, if the ModRNA vaccine stays in your (pregnant) arm, how did it get into the placenta?
The Inventor of Lipid Nanoparticles Knew the mRNA Wouldn't Stay in Your Arm
And the co-founder of BioNTech didn't want it to stay there anyway.
Remember when you were told not to worry because this new mRNA vaccine would stay in your arm? You were patronisingly told that after being injected into your muscle, the mRNA would instruct the muscle cells to start growing the spike protein, you would have an immune response, you wouldn’t infect anybody…ever, you would be a hero, you wouldn’t die…of anything and it would stop there. Nothing to worry about.
Well we all knew that wasn’t true, it was obvious from the side effects people were having. But was this misinformation deliberate or just a result of trying to rush out a product too quickly?
It turns out that not only was it deliberate misinformation, it was an out and out lie. Not only was it known that the mRNA wouldn’t stay in the arm, they actually wanted it to go around your body. Clearly, we were all told the ‘stay in your arm’ lie to reduce vaccine hesitancy and increase big pharma profits.
Last year we learnt that BioNTech, the company that developed the mRNA vaccine with Pfizer, wanted the mRNA to travel around the body to the lymph nodes.
Virginie Joron, a French MP, tweeted a picture from a presentation she was attending. The speaker was Özlem Türeci, co-founder of BioNTech and her slide was called ‘The Bodyhack - Bringing mRNA to the right cells at the right places’.
The image clearly shows that the cells BioNTech were targeting were dendritic cells in the lymph nodes. Robert Kogon reported that “A passage from The Vaccine, the book that Türeci and her husband, BioNTech CEO Ugur Sahin, wrote with journalist Joe Miller, explains why BioNTech’s platform specifically targets the lymph nodes:
What Ugur learnt was that the location to which a vaccine delivers its ‘wanted poster’ really mattered. The reason for this, the couple’s team in Mainz later realised, was that not all dendritic cells … were created equal. The ones that resided in lymph nodes – of which the spleen is the largest – were particularly adept at capturing mRNA and making sure the instructions it carried were acted upon. These kidney-bean shaped organs, found under our armpits, in our groins, and at several other outposts in the body, are the information hubs of the immune system. (p. 98)
Indeed, Sahin and Türeci were so determined to get their mRNA into the lymph nodes that they had an earlier mRNA construct injected directly into the patient’s lymph nodes in the groin (p. 104).
Needless to say, such an approach was not likely to obtain wide acceptance as a vaccine! This is why the couple, as explained in their book, needed to package the mRNA in lipid nanoparticles, in order to ensure that mRNA administered by way of an intramuscular injection would, nonetheless, be widely distributed around the body and thus reach the lymph nodes.”
So we know from this information that BioNTech wanted the mRNA to travel around the body but perhaps they kept this a secret and everybody else thought that it really would ‘stay in the arm’.
Nope.
In October 2022, Dr. Pietr Cullis presented a lecture at the University of Manitoba for the Annual Gairdner Lecture - Science and Serendipity: Lipid Nanoparticles that Enable COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines.
Dr. Cullis is widely credited with inventing the Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP) delivery system that ensures the mRNA doesn’t degrade before it reaches your cells. Without the LNPs, the mRNA would get destroyed long before it got anywhere near a cell and so is critical for the vaccines to ‘work’.
Cullis is also the founder of Acuitas Therapeutics who develop LNPs and whose technology is used in Pfizer’s Covid-19 vaccine.
In his lecture he is asked if his LNP delivery system is able to target specific tissues or restrict which tissues it stays in. Dr. Cullis says “That’s going to be tricky. People have been trying to target these lipids, or any nanomedicine, without any success over 40 years of trying…I’ve worn out 5 graduate students on that project. The last one refused to go on unless I changed her project”.
They’ve known for over 40 years that the LNPs wouldn’t stay in your arm. In fact, they didn’t ever want them to. They wanted the ‘vaccine’ to travel all round your body so that some of it would find its way to your lymph nodes. There, the dendritic cells were more likely to translate the mRNA as intended.
But they kept this quiet from you because would you really go and get injected if you were told that this new technology would travel all round your body where it would be taken up by all types of cells, including spleen, liver and ovary cells, which would then be instructed to produce a spike protein created in a lab somewhere, causing who knows what side effects because the trials were cancelled early because it just wasn’t fair that the placebo group hadn’t been given mRNA.
Then we have The Lancet Report of the efficiency of the vaccines, Back in 2020-21 The Lancet Published this article: ARR 0·84% for the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccines which means Covid was 99.16% more efficient of infecting you, as events have proven.
Vaccine efficacy is generally reported as a relative risk reduction (RRR). It uses the relative risk (RR)—ie, the ratio of attack rates with and without a vaccine—which is expressed as 1–RR. Ranking by reported efficacy gives relative risk reductions of 95% for the Pfizer–BioNTech, 94% for the Moderna–NIH, 91% for the Gamaleya, 67% for the J&J, and 67% for the AstraZeneca–Oxford vaccines. However, RRR should be seen against the background risk of being infected and becoming ill with COVID-19, which varies between populations and over time. Although the RRR considers only participants who could benefit from the vaccine, the absolute risk reduction (ARR), which is the difference between attack rates with and without a vaccine, considers the whole population. ARRs tend to be ignored because they give a much less impressive effect size than RRRs: 1·3% for the AstraZeneca–Oxford, 1·2% for the Moderna–NIH, 1·2% for the J&J, 0·93% for the Gamaleya, and 0·84% for the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccines.
ARR is also used to derive an estimate of vaccine effectiveness, which is the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one more case of COVID-19 as 1/ARR. NNVs bring a different perspective: 81 for the Moderna–NIH, 78 for the AstraZeneca–Oxford, 108 for the Gamaleya, 84 for the J&J, and 119 for the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccines. The explanation lies in the combination of vaccine efficacy and different background risks of COVID-19 across studies:
0·9% for the Pfizer–BioNTech, 1% for the Gamaleya, 1·4% for the Moderna–NIH, 1·8% for the J&J, and 1·9% for the AstraZeneca–Oxford vaccines.
Dr. Piero Olliaro of Oxford University led the team that produced the new Lancet report: .
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanmic/article/PIIS2666-5247(21)00069-0/fulltext#%20
So what has the above got to do with a Head Cold which Covid is, according to Google?
The United States Army is spending millions upon millions of your tax dollars on a variety of weapons including nanotechnology and quantum mechanics, which just so happens to be a key component of Big Pharma’s latest “vaccines.”
Basically, the U.S. government is representing to the public that this is a response to a health event. But in fact, what they are doing is a military operation. These so-called vaccines aren’t really vaccines, but have been manufactured under defense contracts, utilizing the Defense Production Act, other transaction authority, and emergency use authorization under a public health emergency. When these things are used together, then good manufacturing practices don’t apply to these products at all.
In giving themselves godlike abilities, the technocratic elites are moving towards a transhumanist future powered by their own intelligent design that could give them the divine authority to rewrite human rights as we know them.
Through gene editing, synthetic biology, and the merger of humans and technology, governments and corporations are fundamentally altering what it means to be human.
Hundreds of millions of people have now been subjected to a “prototype” project by the Department of Defense under its Other Transactional Authority (more like 7.5 billion so far)
In a new hour-long presentation – watch it here: https://sensereceptornews.com/?p=15980 – Latypova lays out the copious evidence she has compiled – including “receipts” – to show that covid injections are nothing more than a bioweapon that was unleashed on the world by the United States Department of Defense (DoD) via the corrupt U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Supreme Court: Pfizer, Moderna et al. may own your genes once you’re injected with their lab-created mRNA, DNA
“The Supreme Court ruled that if there is anything synthetic, not from nature, inside of our genome, then whoever owns the patent on those synthetic parts now owns part or all of you as a human.
Is it Possible to Patent “Synthetic mRNA” Genetically-Modified Humans? According to the 2013 US Supreme Court Law, With World Wide Application (GMO Products) Yes – the same year 201Supreme Court: Pfizer, Moderna et al. may own your genes once you’re injected with their "lab-created mRNA, DNA"
WASHINGTON, D.C. — This article is prefaced with a shout-out to the good Dr. Carrie Madej (maa-DAY). April 27, 2021 (updated January 30, 2022)
She is one of thousands of doctors and scientists worldwide suddenly labeled “conspiracy theorists” and “disinformation” by mainstream and social media. Dr. Madej tells peer-reviewed truth about COVID-19 and experimental shots. She is still on Twitter and Facebook for now. Dr. Madej is also featured in a viral video warning people about experiment mRNA and viral vector shots.
She said in a recent interview with The New American:
“The Supreme Court ruled that if there is anything synthetic, not from nature, inside of our genome, then whoever owns the patent on those synthetic parts now owns part or all of you as a human. That means Bill and Melinda Gates, The Department of Defense, [and others] can literally own a human being. If this synthetic code is taken up into your genome, by law, you could be owned overnight.”
Dr. Madej told The COVID Blog via email that she learned about gene patenting from Dr. Craig Venter. He spoke about it during a world symposium presentation. All legitimate doctors and scientists welcome fact-checking and peer-review. Turns out Dr. Madej is onto something, and further affirms every reason not to volunteer for these experimental injections.
Man-made bacteria and genetically-modified mice are patentable
The case of Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303 (1980) is the first time the U.S. Supreme Court heard a patent case involving naturally-occurring processes and/or organisms. Dr. Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty invented a species of oil-eating bacteria while working at General Electric in 1971. His invention streamlined the process of cleaning up oil spills.
He filed a first-of-its-kind patent for the new genetically-modified bacteria species. The United Kingdom had already granted the patent. But the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office denied the patent because it determined the invention was a living organism. The U.S. Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (now the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit) reversed the decision. It ruled that just because micro-organisms are alive doesn’t mean they cannot be patented.
The U.S. Supreme Court, in a 5-4 decision, affirmed. It ruled, in part:
Living, man-made micro-organism is patentable subject matter as a “manufacture” or “composition of matter” within the meaning of the Patent Act of 1952. The fact that the organism sought to be patented is alive is no bar to patentability.
The case paved the way for biotechnology companies and universities. The OncoMouse, patented by Harvard in 1988, was the first mammal ever patented. Harvard scientists genetically-modified mice to be predisposed to cancer (thus the “onco” prefix) so other scientists could study the disease.
Scientists have since created an entire discipline on “transgenic non-human mammals.” Of course there are serious ethical concerns. But the practice continue.
Patentability of human genes (mRNA and DNA)
The case that provides the blueprint for pharmaceutical companies claiming ownership of your genes is Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., 569 U.S. 576 (2013). This case originated from a Utah-based company called Myriad Genetics.
The company isolated the location and sequence of naturally-occurring genes called BRCA1 and BRCA2. Mutations in these genes positively correlate with predispositions to breast and ovarian cancers. Myriad filed patents on these genes in 1994 and 1995, respectively. The patents gave Myriad exclusive rights to cancer genetic testing that isolated natural DNA strands and created synthetic complementary DNA (cDNA) that resembled the original isolated strands.
The USPTO granted both patents in 1998. At least 2,000 other human genes had been patented through 2010, according to the New York State Bar. But the Myriad patents hindered other scientists from doing research on naturally-occurring BRCA1 and BRCA2, and thus hindered breast and ovarian cancer testing by other companies.
Supreme Court permits patentable cDNA
Several Plaintiffs, including Yale, Columbia, individual patients, and patient advocacy groups filed a lawsuit against Myriad and the University of Utah in May of 2009. The Plaintiffs argued that BRCA1 and BRCA2 are not patent-eligible subject matter under 35 U.S.C. § 101 because they are naturally-occurring. Myriad argued that it isolated the sequences of the DNA and that the Patent Office had issued patents for other companies doing the same thing.
A long legal battle ensued that included two writs of certiorari to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Federal Circuit twice affirmed that both isolated DNA and cDNA are patentable. Ultimately the Supreme Court ruled that only cDNA (synthetic DNA) is patentable. Isolated, natural DNA is not patentable. Breast and ovarian cancer screening got much cheaper after the ruling since Myriad no longer owned patents on naturally-occurring genes and thus the testing.
When it was all said and done, the Supreme Court invalidated five of Myriad’s 520 patent claims. Myriad sued competitors for marketing ovarian and breast cancers tests based on the two natural genes after the Supreme Court decision. Ambry Genetics won a case against Myriad in 2014. The company said via press release:
Myriad did not create or alter any of the genetic information encoded in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. The location and order of the nucleotides existed in nature before Myriad found them. As the Supreme Court made clear, neither naturally occurring compositions of matter, nor synthetically created compositions that are structurally identical to the naturally occurring compositions, are patent eligible.
Pfizer, Moderna, et al. and your genes
Yes, this article contains a lot of scientific and legal mumbo-jumbo. But in a nutshell, "biotechnology companies can own living things if said things are genetically-modified and not naturally-occurring" (as with the vaccines). No mouse is born in nature like the OncoMouse. It is thus patentable. Oil-eating bacteria come from genetic manipulation, thus patentable.
Notice how all these so-called doctors and scientists avoid pointing fingers at Pfizer, Moderna, Johnson & Johnson et al. when someone dies within hours, days or weeks of receiving their shots. It’s almost as if said doctors and scientists are carefully navigating the trademark and patent landscape. They don’t want to trespass on someone else’s property, if you will. Moderna owns several mRNA patents. Doctors and hospitals wanting a piece of the mRNA pie cannot bite the hand that feeds them.
The synthetic mRNA of Pfizer and Moderna, along with the viral vector DNA delivery systems of Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca, change your genetic code, making you “genetically-modified.” Granted mainstream media say the foregoing is “conspiracy theory.” But Moderna Chief Medical Officer Tal Zaks tells you straight up that 1) the shots change your genetic code and 2) the shots do not stop the spread of COVID-19. He says the Moderna shot is “hacking the software of life” (at the 0:43 second mark, but the whole video is…disturbing).
Viral vectors do the same thing.
So do these companies “own you” once you get the shots? Well, they own mice and bacteria created with their inventions. Once you get these shots, you are no longer a “naturally-occurring” human being. Prosthetic limbs, breast implants, etc. are not “natural” per se. But they are removable and not part of what fundamentally makes you human. Gene therapy is irreversible. Do the math yourself.
3, Moderna patented their created Covid virus in 2013.
CDC Expected Huge Increase in VAERS Reporting of vaccines injuries and deaths.
BioNTech CEO Ugur Sahin says that his mRNA vaccines rolled out in January this year (2021): Link here: https://www.ibtimes.sg/fact-check-biontech-ceo-ugur-sahin-refuses-take-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine-due-safety-concerns-61652 but by August 27, 2020 – The first contract, with General Dynamics, is dated August 27, 2020 had been let and the contract states that they were expecting up to 1,000 VAERS reports to be filed per day
The contract states that they were expecting up to 1,000 VAERS reports to be filed per day, with up to 40% of the reports being serious in nature:
According to the contract, VAERS had been receiving an annual average of 53,000 reports in recent years, so in contracting for up to 1,000 reports per day, the CDC was already anticipating that the COVID vaccines might generate nearly seven times as many reports as all other vaccines combined (a 600% increase), with a rate of serious adverse events that could be up to 8 times higher.
The initial total amount specified (with options) under the contract with Eagle Health Analytics was $5,925,388.58 or $7,077,054.90 “with all options” (which presumably includes the extension of the VAERS work through July). This amount also includes the CISA project assistance. However, it does not include the increased hours in the Oct. 29 revision, nor the increase for the V-SAFE pregnancy registry work. However, I have not been able to find the contract in any Federal contracts database. Perhaps one of my readers will have better luck.
How Much Did All of This Cost?
The amounts paid out under the contracts with General Dynamics were redacted. But according to this site, the initial amount paid was $9.45 million, with $4.4 million added in late February, and then an additional $16.3 million tacked on in early March. In March of 2022 there was an additional $5.2 million added, though it’s not clear for what since the contract had presumably expired by then. (Best guess is that General Dynamics continued some or all of its work on COVID VAERS reports with Eagle Health brought in for additional support.) Grand total? $35,425,642 of your taxpayer dollars.Military Revealed as Top Funder of Gene Drives; Gates Foundation paid $1.6 million to influence UN on gene drives 2016 December 4, 2017
(VAERS records 1% of all injuries and deaths, so multiply figures given by 41 (x41) to arrive at 100% numbers
1,000 VAERS reports Daily x 41 = 41,000 Injuries or death recorded for $5,925,388.58
But Grand total? $35,425,642 paid which is roughly 7 times the initial contract paid - in America ONLY = 7 x 41,000 = on a sliding scale up to 287,000 injuries and deaths from the Covid vaccines EACH DaY and that was acceptable then in 2021, to continue the vaccine program to 2024?
But what is in the secret Experimental Test Vaccines: You probably think that there cannot be many carbon nanotubes in the vaccine injection you volunteered to have, after all, the size of the injection was not very big, so what harm in that?
Scientists have published an urgent review of the Covid-19 injections in which they claim to have discovered nanotechnology and Graphene Oxide in both the Pfizer and Moderna mRNA injections, and both the AstraZeneca and Janssen viral vector injections. The new review backs up the findings of numerous other scientists from around the world.
Covid Vaccines contain Graphene & Nanotech that is damaging the Immune System & causing Cancer
NanoGrafi are pretty much crowing about their nanotubes, now injected into everyone who had a vaccine.
The theory is that when the billions of nanotubes in each vaccine shot are hit with a signal within a certain range by 5G, the nanotubes all vibrate together and emit a sound which kills all thought in the Human Brain and makes the body a Robot or Zombie, controlled by a computer somewhere, presumably for further genetic modification at an mRNA factory near you
https://nanografi.com/blog/multiwalled-carbon-nanotubes/ for human use
50 billion carbon particles/nanotubes for AstraZeneca - Astrazeneca now "withdrawn"
40 billion carbon particles for Moderna
and likely 10 to 12 billion for Pfizer
Per vaccine shot and for the sum of your natural life. Pfizer 3 shots = 36 Billion carbon particles